Evan A. Laksmana
This research paper analyses why and how maritime Southeast Asian states are seeking to develop and implement anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) strategies and capabilities. The development of A2/AD strategies and capabilities by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam is rudimentary thus far and lacks coherent, consistent and systematic planning across the strategic, operational, tactical and technological levels.
While the five states conceptualise A2/AD differently, they are all generally concerned with military-modernisation goals, such as advanced coastal defence, as well as possible future contingencies, such as a US–China conflict. But there is a significant disconnect between the strategic- and policy-level debates over, firstly, such contingencies; secondly, the extent to which A2/AD strategies and capabilities should feature in a response to a contingency; and thirdly, current joint doctrinal and posture development as well as asset-acquisition plans and existing capabilities.
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