Irina Tsukerman
Who is actually winning the wars in Ukraine and Iran, and what would victory even look like if neither battlefield momentum nor economic punishment produces political collapse? How much territory would Ukraine have to recover before Russia could be said to have lost? How much damage would Iran have to suffer before its regional position is truly weakened? If both regimes continue to function, mobilize support, and persuade their populations that the struggle remains necessary, then the more uncomfortable question will begin to surface: whether the real contest has already shifted away from terrain and toward something far less visible but ultimately more decisive.
Wars today increasingly turn on whether governments can control how reality itself is interpreted. Military force can destroy infrastructure, impose casualties, and degrade capabilities, yet political outcomes depend on whether societies interpret those losses as defeat or as sacrifice. Economic pressure can shrink output and isolate financial systems, yet it only produces strategic results when populations or target audiences in the regime begin to see hardship as pointless rather than necessary. Narrative therefore does not sit beside military conflict as a communications tool.
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