Small Wars Journal | Andre Carvalho, Joao Rego
The 12-Day War in June 2025 exposed critical vulnerabilities in Iran’s command and control (C2) structure following Israeli decapitation strikes, where Iranian retaliatory missile and drone salvos became less coordinated and effective over time. However, in a subsequent conflict against the U.S. and Israel, Iran successfully implemented its two-decade-old Mosaic Defense (DMD) doctrine, enabling sustained operations across multiple fronts despite significant losses, including critical assets and leadership. This doctrine, introduced by General Mohammad Jafari in 2005, replaces centralized command with a dispersed, redundant structure, allowing semi-autonomous regional units to operate independently. Iran demonstrated operational resilience, targeting U.S. military bases, Gulf energy production infrastructure, and Israeli territory, generating substantial effects, particularly on energy. Tehran leverages its strategic depth, underground "missile cities," and asymmetric warfare capabilities, exploiting adversary sensitivities to casualties and dependence on advanced technologies. Western powers risk underestimating DMD's capacity to impose substantial political, economic, and military costs.
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