Elian Peltier and Aurelien Breeden
France will withdraw nearly 1,500 troops from the West African nation of Niger by the end of the year, President Emmanuel Macron said on Sunday, a decision that could upend the West’s security footprint in the region, including the future of 1,100 American forces based in Niger.
In an interview on French television, Mr. Macron also said that the country’s ambassador to Niger would leave “within the next hours.” He added, “And we are ending our military cooperation with the de facto authorities in Niger, because they no longer want to fight terrorism.”
The short announcement comes after weeks of escalating tensions between France and the new military leaders in Niger, who seized power in a coup in July. It also caps years of waning influence for France, a former colonizer in West Africa whose economic presence and military clout in the region remains considerable despite being increasingly challenged by juntas and foreign powers like Russia.
The new authorities in Niger, known as the National Council for the Safeguarding of the Country, called the decision on Sunday a “historical moment” for the nation.
“Imperialistic and neocolonialist forces are not welcome anymore on our territory,” they said in a statement.
Mr. Macron had refused to heed calls by Niger’s new leaders to recall troops and his ambassador, a position that most analysts and even French and European diplomats based in West Africa said had become untenable.
Understand the Military Coup in Niger
A takeover. Military officers in the West African nation of Niger announced on July 26 that they had ousted the country’s president, Mohamed Bazoum, throwing into uncertainty the future of one of the West’s few reliable partners in a region marred by coups and insecurity. Here is what to know:
How did the coup unfold? Members of Niger’s presidential guard encircled the president’s palace in Niamey, the capital, and detained him. A group of army officials representing different branches of the military later declared on national television that they had “put an end to the regime” of Bazoum and a general was announced as the head of the transitional leadership. Bazoum has refused to resign and remains imprisoned at home.
How have other countries responded? Recent takeovers in West Africa were largely met with shrugs, but the reaction to this one has been different. The United States and France have threatened to cut ties with Niger and suspended military cooperation. Neighboring countries have threatened to go to war. A regional bloc of countries known as ECOWAS said it had activated a “standby force” to intervene if Bazoum is not released and reinstated.
How have people in Niger reacted? After Bazoum was detained, hundreds briefly demonstrated in the streets of Niamey to demand his release before being violently dispersed by security forces. The Nigerien government called on the public to reject the coup, and there have also been protests in support of the takeover.
What could the events mean for Niger and West Africa? A successful coup could further destabilize a poor country and create an opening for extremists to expand their presence. Bazoum became president in 2021 in Niger’s first peaceful, democratic transition since it gained independence from France in 1960, ending a period that saw multiple coups. The recent turmoil has prompted fears that the crisis could spill over into a regional war.
“We’re not here to take part in political affairs, to be hostages, in a way, of the putschists,” Mr. Macron said in an interview with the TF1 and France 2 television channels. He added that France would coordinate with the authorities in Niger to ensure French troops depart in an “orderly manner” over the coming months.
Niger’s military leaders had not responded as of Sunday night.
For weeks, tens of thousands of protesters in Niger’s capital, Niamey, have regularly demonstrated in front of the base hosting French military forces. At a recent protest attended by a New York Times reporter, demonstrators trampled on a French flag, carried a coffin they said was meant for Mr. Macron and brandished signs reading, “Death to France.”
After the coup that ousted the civilian president, Mohamed Bazoum, Western countries suspended their aid and security partnerships with Niger, one of the world’s poorest countries, whose leader was seen as one of the last reliable allies in a region now dominated by men in uniform.
As Western countries have recalled troops training Nigerien soldiers in recent weeks, the future of Western involvement in the Sahel region — the world’s epicenter of jihadist activity — remains uncertain.
Niger is a key transit country in the migration route to Europe, and in recent years the European Union has poured hundreds of millions of dollars into buffering its northern areas with transit centers and repatriation flights.
Nigerien security forces at the entrance to the French base in Niamey this month.
France’s withdrawal could herald a shift for the United States’ presence in West Africa.
“This signals the beginning of the end of an era for both France and the United States in the Sahel,” said Aneliese Bernard, a former State Department adviser who has worked in Niger and is now director of Strategic Stabilization Advisors, a Washington-based risk advisory group. “The U.S. has failed to really deliver its own strategy. They always piggybacked off the French approach.”
This month, the United States announced that it was moving its troops from the base in Niamey, where the French soldiers are also positioned, to an outpost in Agadez, in the north, where it operates drones monitoring insurgents’ activities in the region.
Over nearly a decade, France sent thousands of troops to Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger to counter jihadist insurgencies whose footprint has only since grown. The United States provided intelligence gathered from drone activities and trained African special forces.
But as the Sahel region became a major hot spot of jihadist activity, France faced the risk of getting stuck there. Its heavy presence on the ground became an impediment. Comparisons with the U.S. occupation of Afghanistan flourished.
Then, in a domino effect, soldiers staged coups in those three countries over the past three years and cut ties with France. While France still has troops in Chad — a neighbor of Niger — as well as Senegal, Ivory Coast and Gabon in West and Central Africa, the future of its military presence in the region appears uncertain.
On Sunday, Mr. Macron defended France’s track record in the region, arguing that it had intervened militarily only at the request of countries like Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, and that those countries would have fallen prey to terrorist groups without French troops.
“The putschists are the friends of disorder,” Mr. Macron said, pointing to a recent uptick in violence perpetrated by Islamist terrorist groups in countries where French troops were forced out, like Mali.
Mr. Macron’s comments on Sunday were the third time in a month that he implied that those three West African governments owed their survival to France’s involvement, and they have infuriated the countries’ leaders and irked European partners.
The president said France would continue to help African countries fight against terrorism. “But we only do it if it is at the request of democratically elected authorities and regional authorities,” Mr. Macron said.
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