4 September 2025

Special Report: Observations on Taiwan’s Military Force Adjustments in 2025

Tai-yuan Yang, K. Tristan Tang, & B. Rex Chang

The 2025 Han Kuang 41 exercise introduced several notable changes from previous iterations, including the integration of grayzone harassment scenarios, full-brigade recall training for the 206th Infantry Brigade (Reserve Force), and urban warfare exercises. Importantly, many of the exercise’s key implications are not readily apparent from the Ministry of National Defense’s press releases or media coverage of the drills. This year’s exercise revealed three notable observations regarding the strike brigades. 


First, the Taiwanese Armed Forces now appear to treat gray-zone harassment as part of the pre-war phase. Second, efforts to secure maritime supply lines and the security of eastern air and sea space have been significantly strengthened. Third, the 99th Marine Brigade may be reassigned to northern Taiwan in the future.

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