6 November 2025

How to Put IR Theory Into Practice

American Strategists Should Think More Like Social Scientists

Stacie E. Goddard and Joshua D. Kertzer

American flags on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., October 2025Kylie Cooper / Reuters

STACIE E. GODDARD is Betty Freyhof Johnson ’44 Professor of Political Science and Associate Provost for Wellesley in the World.

JOSHUA D. KERTZER is John Zwaanstra Professor of International Studies and of Government at Harvard University.More by Stacie E. Goddard

America’s grand strategy is in turmoil. Over the past decade, power shifts, territorial disputes, and the faltering of international institutions have fueled an increasingly heated debate about what geopolitical position the United States finds itself in and the necessary trajectory of U.S. foreign policy. Some Washington analysts and policymakers (such as former U.S. Deputy National Security Adviser for Strategy Nadia Schadlow and Undersecretary of Defense Elbridge Colby) believe that after several decades of U.S. hegemony, great-power competition has returned, and Washington must embrace a foreign policy designed to counter threats from Beijing and Moscow. Others, including

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