Suffian Zafar and Najeeb Ullah
As great powers like the United States pursue frameworks that impose growing security, political, and economic burdens on smaller states, middle and small powers face mounting pressure to reassess their interests. Countries like Pakistan must draw on historical experience to navigate this turbulent moment and chart a more autonomous course.
Three priorities stand out. First, Pakistan must reduce its defense dependency on China through a calculated alternative strategy. Second, making a middle-power military-industrial complex — such as Turkey’s — into a major defense partner is crucial to hedging great-power competition and promoting defense multilateralism. Third, building indigenous naval capacity and maritime security through joint ventures in underwater drones, frigates, naval exercises and navigation technology would strengthen strategic autonomy.
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