5 November 2026

The Limits of China’s Self-Sufficiency

Foreign Affairs | Joel Wuthnow

China faces a critical strategic vulnerability in its reliance on foreign soybean imports that could constrain its ability to wage a prolonged war over Taiwan. While Beijing has successfully stockpiled energy and technology components to mitigate foreign blockades, its food supply chain remains structurally dependent on distant Western Hemisphere producers such as the United States and Brazil.

Soybeans are essential for animal feed and domestic cooking oil, yet shipments from Santos to Guangzhou take roughly forty-five days and face severe spoilage risks. Chinese state reserves and commercial dry bulk carriers operated by COSCO would only provide a buffer lasting a few months under maritime wartime conditions. If maritime shipping halts due to soaring insurance premiums or allied sanctions, domestic shortages and panic buying would rapidly erode public support for a protracted conflict.

Comment

China's heavy dependence on imported soybeans from producers such as Brazil and the United States creates a structural friction point for the COSCO dry bulk fleet during a prolonged Pacific conflict. Because voyages from the port of Santos require roughly forty-five days under high-humidity conditions, merchant vessels face severe cargo degradation risks that state-owned agricultural enterprises cannot easily mitigate through routing adjustments.

Strategic Question for Discussion
How would the COSCO commercial fleet balance the simultaneous wartime transport demands for iron ore, coal, and feedstocks if maritime insurance premiums in the Western Pacific mirror the disruption seen during Red Sea transit restrictions?
The available evidence points toward severe logistical prioritisation favoring heavy industrial raw materials over perishable agricultural imports. This dynamic suggests that civilian feedstocks would be rapidly squeezed out of the wartime shipping schedule well before military stockpiles were exhausted.
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