China's national strategy positions science and technology (S&T) as central pillars for economic modernization, global competitiveness, and national security under Xi Jinping. This approach explicitly links S&T development to political strength and strategic autonomy, emphasizing technological self-reliance and mastery of core technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), semiconductors, and advanced manufacturing.
Reforms consolidate control over research through the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Central Science and Technology Commission, integrating industry, academia, and defense. Military-civil fusion creates an integrated national strategic system, uniting economic, scientific, and defense planning to accelerate technological progress and reinforce national resilience. This integration, however, blurs boundaries for global research security, intellectual property protection, and institutional autonomy in international collaboration. China's data security, cybersecurity, and intelligence laws complicate international partnerships, while its pursuit of leadership in technical standards for emerging technologies like 5G, IoT, and AI aims to project industrial and geopolitical influence. Global actors face both opportunities and risks, requiring robust research security practices.
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