19 August 2026

AI Is Changing Military Morality

Foreign Policy | Anthony Pfaff

Pope Leo XIV issued his encyclical Magnifica Humanitas in May 2026, challenging traditional "just war" theory as outdated while offering ethical constraints on autonomous weapons and artificial intelligence in modern conflict. The Vatican's doctrinal chief, Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, subsequently proposed replacing just war theory with a narrower "proportional defense" standard during a June 2026 extraordinary consistory of 178 cardinals.

However, this reactive framework offers insufficient operational guidance for military targeting cells, service academies, and battlefield decision-makers. As machine-speed decision cycles, automated algorithms, and proxy warfare distance leaders from the immediate costs of violence, weapons systems like Ukrainian Gara strike drones risk accelerating escalation, diffusion, and accountability gaps. Modern military doctrines, including the Pentagon's Responsible AI Strategy, must adapt traditional just war principles rather than abandon them. By embedding verifiable chains of responsibility into AI system design, ethicists, engineers, and commanders can maintain human oversight and prevent civilian harm in high-speed, mediated warfare.

Comment

The integration of algorithmic target recognition into military command networks compresses the decision window between sensor identification and shooter engagement, creating systemic friction with human-in-the-loop command structures. Under US Department of Defense Directive 3000.09, commanders are required to exercise appropriate levels of human judgment over lethal force, yet tactical imperatives at machine speed push operators toward supervisory rather than direct control. When automated target prioritisation systems process tactical sensor feeds faster than staff officers can evaluate target legitimacy, human authorization risks deteriorating into routine procedural concurrence. This structural compression forces operational commanders to delegate engagement authority downwards or risk operational paralysis against autonomous adversary threats.

At the operational level, this reliance on automated command nodes creates severe vulnerabilities in command-and-control resilience when electronic warfare degrades target-data streams. Tactical formations reliant on continuous algorithmic target pairing become structurally fragile if jamming disrupts the links connecting forward sensors to command processing hubs. In high-intensity jamming environments, enforcing Department of Defense Directive 3000.09 requires pre-delegated geographic kill boxes rather than real-time algorithmic oversight from central command posts.

Strategic Question for Discussion
If high-intensity electronic warfare breaks real-time sensor streams in contested airspace, how can commanders reconcile the human judgment mandates of Department of Defense Directive 3000.09 with the operational need for pre-delegated autonomous strike authorities?
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