Geopolitical Scenario
MIC2025 coincided with a broader shift in China’s global role. In 2024, China’s manufacturing value-added reached approximately 29% of the global total, nearly matching the combined output of the United States and the European Union.
In critical sectors like electric vehicles and high-speed rail, Beijing met or surpassed MIC2025 targets. By 2023, China produced over 60% of the world’s EVs, led by companies like BYD, NIO, and SAIC. In shipbuilding, Chinese firms controlled more than 50% of global orders by tonnage. These accomplishments reflect the effectiveness of policy tools used under MIC2025.
However, technological self-reliance, the program’s core ambition, remains incomplete. China continues to rely heavily on imported semiconductors, foreign aviation components, and high-end manufacturing tools. Despite years of targeted investment, the overall self-sufficiency rate for China’s semiconductor industry stood at approximately 13% in 2024, far from Beijing’s goal of 70% self-sufficiency., The C919 aircraft developed by COMAC to rival Boeing and Airbus, still incorporates engines and avionics systems sourced from US and European firms. Similarly, China’s automation systems frequently depend on German, Japanese, and Swiss technologies.
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