The Year That Took India and Pakistan to the Brink

Audrey Wilson

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In May, India and Pakistan faced off in their worst military conflict in decades, perhaps permanently altering the status quo on the subcontinent. The crisis began with a terrorist attack in Indian-administered Kashmir. New Delhi quickly—and without concrete evidence—blamed the violence on Islamabad; a few weeks later, India launched missile strikes against militant targets in Pakistan, which swiftly retaliated.

The resulting confrontation lasted four days and killed dozens of people, including civilians. It saw faster escalation than ever before and the first full-scale use of combat drones between the two nuclear-armed countries. The fighting ended abruptly with a cease-fire that generated further disagreement and both India and Pakistan claiming that they had won. Ultimately, the brief military skirmish may have raised the risks of a future war.

People Who Drink Bottled Water on a Daily Basis Ingest 90,000 More Microplastic Particles Each Yea

Ritsuko Kawai

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Sarah Sajedi was visiting Phi Phi Island, Thailand, when she was dazzled by the beautiful scenery of the Andaman Sea. However, when she looked down at her feet, she saw that the white sandy beach was covered with plastic debris, most of which was from plastic bottles.

After many years in the business world as the cofounder of an environmental software company, the experience inspired Sajedi to become a researcher. She had always had a passion for waste reduction, but she realized that the problem was consumption itself.

Thus, as a doctoral student at Concordia University in Canada, Sajedi reviewed over 140 scientific papers to determine the effects of plastic bottles on the human body. She found that people ingest an average of 39,000 to 52,000 microplastic particles per year from food and drinking water, and those who use bottled water on a daily basis ingest nearly 90,000 more microplastic particles into their bodies.

“Drinking water from plastic bottles is fine in an emergency, but it is not something that should be used in daily life,” Sajedi explains. “Even if there are no immediate effects on the human body, we need to understand the potential for chronic harm.”

Long-Term Effects Remain a Mystery

It’s not just Taiwan ... 5 flashpoints that could spark World War Three in 2026

Robert Fox

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There is something ambivalent about the season of goodwill, as it usually triggers a splurge of journalistic predictions of bad things to come for the new year, more trouble and pestilence and worse wars. One point of comfort is that journalists, on the whole, make lousy prophets. So, in the ambiguous spirit of the season, let's look at the places and occasions that could spark wider confrontation, even regional war or a global standoff.

Not that I can foresee a war in Europe, or anywhere else, of the kind gloomily forecast by Mark Rutte, the secretary general of Nato – “on the scale of war our fathers and grandfathers”. Whatever is in the works, it will not be anything like the great wars of the 20th century.

There will be no let-up in the intensity of combat and violence we are now seeing in Ukraine, Sudan, Rwanda and Congo, and Yemen. The standoff between Thailand and Cambodia seems tense as ever, and the ghastly bouts of civil strife and massacre in Myanmar are intensifying as the military junta finagles elections this spring.

A random spark in several of these conflicts could be the trigger for wider confrontation. As Rutte warned, we need to be prepared for war in order to prevent it.

Introduction: China’s Sweeping Ambitions for Building World-Class Military Power

Benjamin Frohman and Jeremy Rausch

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As Beijing continues escalating its use of military coercion across the Indo-Pacific and leverages its massive industrial capacity to support military actions by Russia and Iran, the implications of the growth of the PRC’s military power are becoming only more concerning. By 2027, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, who also serves as chairman of the Central Military Commission, has instructed the PLA to be capable of invading Taiwan.[1] In July 2024, NATO labeled the PRC a “decisive enabler” of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine due to its large-scale provision of dual-use components and materiel to Moscow’s war effort.[2] Likewise, critical chemical precursors and technological support that Beijing provides to Iran’s ballistic missile program helped Tehran develop the highly accurate missiles it used to attack Israel and U.S. military assets in the Middle East in 2025. Taken together, Beijing’s intention to use its development of world-class military capabilities to revise the territorial status quo in the Indo-Pacific and support its authoritarian partners in pursuing their own aggressive aims illustrates the PRC’s growing military threat to the United States and its allies and partners.

New Book Exposes How China Is Weaponizing Cyber Power Across the Western Hemisphere

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— Dr. Luis O. NoguerolMIAMI, FL, UNITED STATES, December 26, 2025 /EINPresswire.com/ -- "Dragon in the Matrix: Technical Realities of Chinese Cyber Operations Targeting the West," a groundbreaking investigation into China’s cyber and hybrid warfare across the Americas, is now available for pre-order on Amazon. Published by the Miami Strategic Intelligence Institute (MSI²) in partnership with Bravo Zulu Publishers, the book will be officially released on January 31, 2026, in both Kindle and paperback editions.

Authored by Dr. Luis O. Noguerol, a veteran cybersecurity executive and academic with more than four decades of experience in government, private-sector security, and intelligence-related cyber operations, and Dr. Rafael Marrero, a nationally recognized geopolitical strategist, author, and founder of MSI², "Dragon in the Matrix" delivers a precise, evidence-based analysis of how digital warfare has become a central instrument of state power.

Dr. Noguerol, who serves as Co-Founder and Senior Fellow for Cyber at MSI², holds a Ph.D. in Management with a specialization in Information Systems and Technology and has advised organizations on compliance with federal cybersecurity frameworks, including NIST, FISMA, and FIPS

New Quality Combat Forces Underpin Military Modernization

Arran Hope

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The last few months of 2025 have seen a proliferation of authoritative policy documents and commentaries discussing “new quality combat forces” (新质战斗力), a term that refers to the integration of emerging technologies with military capabilities. These include the Central Committee’s “Recommendations” (建议) for the 15th Five-Year Plan, a commentary on the plan by Central Military Commission (CMC) Vice-Chair Zhang Youxia (张又侠), and other articles in authoritative media penned by military theorists and scholars. These pronouncements provide more detailed insight into what the term means, how it relates to other concepts such as “advanced combat forces” (先进战斗力), and its increasing importance to the Party’s notion of systems confrontation. [1][1]The phrase “新质战斗力” has no settled translation in English. Some, mirroring the common translation of “新质生产力” as “new (quality) productive forces”... They also warn against over-indexing on technological development as a marker of military modernization, warning that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) still must improve in a number of other areas, such as cultivating personnel who are both technically competent and politically reliable.

New Quality Combat Forces Underpin Push for Intelligentized Warfare

The PLA has been discussing “new quality combat forces” for decades (FMSO Foreign Perspectives Brief, December 2024). But the concept has become much more prominent in PLA discourse following Party assessments that new and emerging technologies are beginning to significantly impact the nature of warfare. General Secretary Xi Jinping first used the phrase in January 2019 at the CMC’s military work conference, where he called for “increasing the proportion of new-type combat capabilities” (要加强新型作战力量建设，增加新质战斗力比重”) (People’s Daily, November 17). It received wider attention after the Two Sessions meetings in 2024, when Xi used it in conjunction with an analogue phrase for the economic sphere, “new quality productive forces” (新质生产力).

China: An Ally Waiting for Russia’s Defeat?

Sergey E. Ivashchenko

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From the first months of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russia tried to present China as a strategic partner, capable of supporting it on the international arena. However, Beijing chose a more cautious line of behavior. Chinese statements about the necessity of negotiations and peaceful settlement sound regularly, but they remain declarative. Beijing is careful to avoid concrete steps that could turn it into a full-fledged mediator.

The reasons for such caution are obvious. First, China strives to preserve the image of a global power, capable of influencing conflicts, but does not want to take upon itself responsibility for their outcome. Second, direct interference in the negotiation process would put Beijing in an uncomfortable position: it would have to openly designate whose side it stands on and take upon itself quite concrete, and not declarative, commitments. In conditions when China simultaneously develops economic ties with Russia and supports trade relations with the West, such clarity is disadvantageous.

Crisis Response as Deterrence: Strategizing the Use of Elite Capabilities to Deter Adversary Aggression

Spencer Meredith

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The potential People’s Republic of China (PRC) takeover of Taiwan includes a full spectrum of military and non-military options. Yet the capabilities to do so are secondary to the will of China’s Communist leaders to accomplish it. Given the tyranny of distance that limits U.S. and partner access and resupply, the timing of crises inside the first island chain remains decidedly in Beijing’s sphere of influence. To counter China’s preponderance of initiative and momentum emanating from the mainland, the United States and its partners have been expanding resources and operational applications to slow, if not deny, a hostile takeover. The goal is to influence adversary decision-making before needing to defeat adversary forces through combat.

Foremost have been service-specific approaches supporting the theater commander, ranging from shipbuilding and expanded air and maritime freedom-of-navigation operations[1] to offensive space and cyber capabilities.[2] Irregular warfare activities are also increasing to build and sustain resistance in the area[3] and to expose and exploit adversary vulnerabilities.[4] All told, Joint Force efforts to increase multi-domain capabilities have the potential to counter the growing threat from China. However, applying that capability within the adversary’s decision space requires more than manpower and materiel; it requires intellectual overmatch to defeat the adversary’s strategy. The Joint Force can draw on a wealth of lessons learned from the Cold War and twenty years of counterterrorism (CT) and counterinsurgency (COIN)—to say nothing of the growing evidence from the large-scale “battle lab” in Ukraine. Yet little research has examined the potential for crisis response (CR), as an irregular-warfare specialization, to support strategic-deterrence efforts.

How Iran's Sanctions-Evasions and Willing Support Retinue Keep It Alive

Majid Rafizadeh

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The regime has learned that sanctions are only as effective as their implementation. Over time, the regime has institutionalized sanctions evasion, embedding it into state policy and delegating it to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and affiliated economic networks. This has turned evasion from an improvised response into a permanent survival machine.

Iran's continued oil exports depend on countries that are prepared to ignore sanctions, interpret them loosely, or exploit enforcement gaps. The central role in this system is played by China, which purchases large volumes of discounted Iranian oil, assuring China of a steady flow of oil and Iran of a steady flow of cash. So long as demand exists, Iran will try to find ways to supply it.

Grounding Iranian airlines would sever a key logistical lifeline for sanctions evasion and regional influence. This requires sanctioning not only Iranian carriers but also foreign companies and governments that provide aircraft parts, maintenance, insurance, fuel, and airport services. Without these inputs, Iran's aviation network cannot function.

Palestinian Authority 'Help' Is a Trap for Washington: Trump Has the Opportunity to Break a Cycle of Defeat

Pierre Rehov

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The Palestinian Authority is not a neutral Muslim-majority entity seeking peace. Its doctrine has, for decades, blended conventional diplomacy with asymmetric warfare — using terrorism as an instrument of policy. In the last decade, this double game has not disappeared. It has merely learned to speak the language of Western guilt. Countries in the West have actually rewarded its terrorism, both by continuing lavishly to fund it and by climbing over one another to recognize a fictitious, nonexistent "Palestinian State."

Palestinians in Gaza might be tired of Hamas, but that does not mean they are ready to live peacefully side-by-side with Israel.

Just imagine the Palestinian Authority inside Gaza's reconstruction ecosystem, with access to donor funds, humanitarian logistics, and institutional channels. Reconstruction money is not neutral. It creates influence, dependency, and leverage. The Palestinian Authority understands this better than anyone.

Russia’s Chinese-Enabled Drone Supply Network Is Remaking Warfare

Anton Ponomarenko

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In almost four years of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it has become evident that Moscow’s technological alliances have reshaped not only the future of the battlefield but also the foundations of international security. The threats no longer lie in the number of tanks or missiles that a given army has. As the war in Ukraine has shown, technological advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and advanced radar jamming technologies have allowed for asymmetric application of such technologies, often rendering classical concepts of deterrence, defense, and security architecture obsolete.

At the center of this shift stands a China-enabled drone supply network that is rapidly transforming Russia’s capacity for sustained, cost-effective, and scalable warfare. What makes this transformation strategically dangerous for the United States and its allies is not only what it means for Ukraine today but what it signals for future conflicts across NATO’s eastern flank and the Asia-Pacific.

China-US: A Rivalry Too Entangled to Decouple

Manoj Pant and M Rahul

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The latest U.S. National Security Strategy document released by the Donald Trump administration has attracted the attention of commentators for how it talks – and doesn’t talk – about China.

“Gone are the sweeping declarations about China being America’s most consequential geopolitical challenge,” CNN noted. “Instead, this latest document… emphasized the U.S.-China economic rivalry above all.” This change is one that challenges the framing of the U.S.-China relationship as a second Cold War.

After World War II, the communist Soviet Union and the capitalist and democratic United States emerged as the two dominant global powers. The rivalry between these two superpowers was in terms of their starkly opposing ideologies, and the different economic systems under which both operated. The blocs led by them were largely separated by the flow of goods, finance and technology. While some limited exchanges did occur, particularly in commodities, the overall structure – while varying over time – remained one of high insulation.

Billion-Dollar Data Centers Are Taking Over the World

JAMES MARSHALL

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When Sam Altman said one year ago that OpenAI’s Roman Empire is the actual Roman Empire, he wasn’t kidding. In the same way that the Romans gradually amassed an empire of land spanning three continents and one-ninth of the Earth’s circumference, the CEO and his cohort are now dotting the planet with their own latifundia—not agricultural estates, but AI data centers.

Tech executives like Altman, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, and Oracle cofounder Larry Ellison are fully bought in to the idea that the future of the American (and possibly global) economy are these new warehouses stocked with IT infrastructure. But data centers, of course, aren’t actually new. In the earliest days of computing there were giant power-sucking mainframes in climate-controlled rooms, with co-ax cables moving information from the mainframe to a terminal computer. Then the consumer internet boom of the late 1990s spawned a new era of infrastructure. Massive buildings began popping up in the backyard of Washington, DC, with racks and racks of computers that stored and processed data for tech companies.

The Dollar Is Facing an End to Its Dominance

JACK TAYLOR

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2026 will be the year when US dollar dilution—the quiet erosion of its global dominance as countries trade and pay in alternatives—starts to build momentum. The more Washington uses the dollar as a weapon, the more the world builds ways to circumvent it.

America’s share of global trade has fallen from one-third in 2000 to just one-quarter today. As emerging economies trade more with each other, the dollar is less central to the flow of goods. Indian and Russian trade now settles in rupees, dirhams, and yuan. More than half of China’s trade now moves through CIPS, China’s own cross-border payment system, instead of SWIFT—the global messaging network long dominated by Western banks. Other trading partnerships like Brazil-Argentina, UAE-India, and Indonesia-Malaysia are also piloting local currency settlements.

Venezuela Is Not About Drugs Or Migration: It Is Trump’s ‘Ukraine Moment’

M.K. Bhadrakumar

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The Pentagon has deployed special operations aircraft, troops and equipment to the Caribbean region near Venezuela, The Wall Street Journal and other media reported on December 23. A significant force amassed in Puerto Rico, which has traditionally served as critical hub for refuelling, resupply and surveillance operations.

The 27th Special Operations Wing and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment deployed in the Caribbean specialise in supporting high-risk infiltration and extraction missions and providing close air support while the Army Rangers are tasked with seizing airfields and protecting special operations units such as Delta Force during precision kill or capture missions.

A satellite photo released this week by the Chinese private aerospace intelligence firm Mizar Vision showed the US Air Force F-35 fleet. The roughly 20 combat jets include a mix of F-35As and US Marine Corps F-35Bs. The deployments suggest forces are being pre-positioned for potential action.

Seven Things To Know About The EU’s €90bn Loan To Ukraine

Agathe Demarais

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European Council meetings are rarely nerve-racking, but the one that took place on 18th-19th December broke the mould. Two topics were at the top of the agenda: a long-awaited free-trade agreement with the Mercosur economies and a loan to Ukraine using Russia’s EU-held immobilised central bank reserves.

The discussion did not unfold as planned. The signing of the Mercosur deal was postponed to January, and while the EU will provide a €90bn loan to Ukraine for 2026-27, the bloc will finance the scheme through EU debt—leaving Russia’s immobilised central bank assets untouched.

Here are seven takeaways on what the EU’s decision to grant a €90bn loan to Kyiv using the EU budget means for Europeans, Ukraine and the fate of Russian reserves.

Mapping The Maldives: Why Hydrography Is The New Geopolitics Of The Indian Ocean

Sayantan Bandyopadhyay

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Malé, the capital of the Maldives, witnessed a large ‘Lootuvaifi’ (‘Stop the Looting’) rally on 3 October 2025. This was the biggest public demonstration against President Mohamed Muizzu since his election. The opposition Maldives Democratic Party (MDP) issued five key demands during the rally. Strikingly, none addressed the protection of the country’s hydrographic information and maritime data.

This omission comes against the backdrop of China’s expanding presence in the Indian Ocean. Despite President Muizzu’s commitment to the Maldives mapping its own waters, his government has signed opaque agreements with China for hydrographic mapping, and allowed China’s dual-use research vessel, Xiang Yang Hong 03, to dock in Malé. These developments introduce new uncertainties regarding Beijing’s intentions, and raise serious questions about the Maldives’ maritime sovereignty.

Ukraine's trench war runs on an easily overlooked weapon: grenades

Sinéad Baker

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Grenades are an easily overlooked weapon that is key in Ukraine.

They're vital in close-quarters trench combat and are being dropped by drones.

A US veteran who fought in Ukraine said grenades are "your best fucking friends."

Grenades — a standard but often unglamorous part of modern infantry combat — have become indispensable in Ukraine's close-quarters and grueling fight against Russia's invasion.

The war blends advanced technologies like drones and electronic warfare with grinding, World War I-style fighting, where soldiers sometimes battle at arm's length in muddy trenches and bunkers. In those confined spaces, Ukrainian and Russian troops alike rely heavily on grenades.

Western officials and war veterans in Ukraine told Business Insider about the important role they play in Ukraine's trench warfare. Their use has also evolved, with grenades increasingly getting tactical upgrades, including adaptations for drone drops and components made with 3D printing.

A Deeply Flawed Military Strategy

John Delury

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AUSTRIAN MILITARY analyst Franz-Stefan Gady has been studying the American way of war for a long time, from up close doing field research with troops in Afghanistan and Iraq and at a distance from his perch in Europe. Gady has come to identify its central premise as a strategy of rapid, decisive victory. This military urgency to “go big or go home” stems from political imperatives to keep casualties low and make the fighting short. American commanders are inculcated with the ideal of “shock and awe,” bringing a bazooka to a knife-fight and overwhelming the adversary with total superiority in materiel and technology. Despite a string of defeats and unpopular wars fought since 1945, this default remains the same. In How the United States Would Fight China, Gady imagines how the American way would play out in a war over the island of Taiwan. An alternate title of his book might be, How the United States Would Lose to China.

Focusing on military strategy, concepts and doctrines, Gady gives new meaning to the oft-repeated phrase “US-China systemic competition.” For the Pentagon as for the People’s Liberation Army, great-power war in the 21st century is anticipated to be a war between systems — you could even say, systems of systems. This includes, at root, political systems, given that war is “fundamentally a contest of wills.” The collective will of the American people is unleashed in a messy back and forth of two-party democracy while that of the Chinese people is driven forward by the harness of Communist Party rule. But Gady’s focus is not political systems. Instead, he takes us deep into the world of defense systems, focusing on the ways in which the US military is preparing to fight China over Taiwan — joint operations, cyber, space, air, sea and land.

The 3 AI Problem: How Chinese, European, and American Chatbots Reflect Diverging Worldviews

Giacomo Savarese

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This raises an important question: Do Chinese AIs carry a different worldview?

China is a non-WEIRD country and its LLMs have advanced rapidly: models like DeepSeek and QWen now reach global audiences. Their spread has geopolitical implications, especially given China’s approach to information governance. Upon release, DeepSeek drew attention for avoiding references to the Tiananmen protests, a reminder of Chinese censorship norms. Researchers later confirmed that DeepSeek delivered highly official-sounding answers when sensitive geopolitical topics were raised, sometimes phrased in a style resembling Chinese government statements. These patterns were especially visible in Mandarin and on politically charged questions such as protest participation.

Nevertheless, other analyses found an unexpected nuance: DeepSeek frequently adopted socially liberal positions in areas without a defined official narrative, behaving similarly to Western models on issues such as immigration, human rights, and individual freedoms. This suggests a mixed ideological profile shaped by training data but constrained by political guardrails.

26 trends for 2026: From AI to zero waste, the A–Z of what’s coming next year

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Get ready for 2026. AI will become more autonomous and run on your devices. Beauty will blend with skincare. Cars will offer premium tech as standard. Alcohol market will witness growth with craft options. Entertainment faces AI disruption. Fashion embraces personal style and secondhand. Gaming gets more personalized. Health will be predictive. Interiors focus on realness. Jobs remain robust.

AIWhat will define the most defining tech of our time in 2026? One expected shift is the move from assistive AI, delivered through chatbots, to agentic systems that act autonomously. Another key trend will be the emergence of on-device AI, which will run locally on your phones, something that companies will do to address privacy concerns and latency issues.

BeautyWith consumers making wellness central to spending, this will be the year beauty and wellbeing converge. So, ‘skinification of makeup’ could continue its rise, with makeup expected to add to more than just aesthetics. In 2026, hybrid formulas that combine makeup performance with skincare benefits — hydration, barrier repair, sun protection and active ingredients — will drive growth, according to beauty retail platform Tira.

Inside the Biggest Cyber Attacks of 2025

Shikha Dhingra

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2025 has emerged as one of the most disruptive years for cybersecurity, marked by unprecedented breach volumes, record-breaking credential leaks, and cascading supply-chain failures. Across just 12 months, cyber incidents have impacted governments, healthcare systems, financial institutions, SaaS providers, airlines, retailers, and critical infrastructure, proving that no industry or geography remains insulated.

A Gist of Cyber Incidents in 2025

Cyber incidents in 2025 show a clear escalation in attack scale, sophistication, and impact. From ransomware and supply-chain breaches to zero-day exploits, threats continued to disrupt businesses and critical services. The key highlights below summarize the major patterns observed.

The Real War Of The Century: Artificial Intelligence

Dr. Joaquim Sá Couto

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There was a time when debates about determinism and free will belonged to philosophy departments and late-night dorm room conversations. They were enjoyable precisely because they seemed harmless. Whatever the answer, life went on. Courts judged, doctors decided, teachers taught, and politicians were still—at least nominally—held responsible for their actions. That era is over.

Artificial intelligence has transformed what once appeared to be an abstract philosophical question into a concrete issue of governance, power, and accountability. Determinism is no longer merely a theory about how the universe works. It is becoming an operating principle for modern institutions. And that changes everything.

AI systems are deterministic by construction. They operate through statistical inference, optimization, and probability. Even when their outputs surprise us, they remain bound by mathematical constraints. Nothing in these systems resembles judgment, interpretation, or understanding in the human sense.

Drone Power And Political Islam: How Turkey’s Military-Tech Complex Fuels Interventionism

Mohammad Taha Ali

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This paper explores the intersection of drone warfare and political Islam in contemporary Turkish foreign policy, arguing that Turkey’s burgeoning military-tech complex—anchored by companies like Baykar—has enabled a new form of interventionism across West Asia, North Africa, and the Caucasus. By examining Turkey’s drone deployments in Libya, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and beyond, the study highlights how unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have become instruments not just of hard power but also of ideological projection aligned with Ankara’s vision of neo-Ottomanism and Islamist solidarity. The analysis situates Turkey’s drone diplomacy within broader geopolitical ambitions where the fusion of defense-industrial innovation and political Islam under Erdoğan’s leadership enables a unique form of assertive, technologically driven interventionism. This paper also interrogates how Turkey’s use of drones blurs the lines between state security interests and transnational religious-political networks, reshaping conventional paradigms of regional influence, alliance making, and sovereignty.

Artifical intelligence is everywhere: 2025 review

Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.

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Just three years after OpenAI’s launch of ChatGPT put a new form of artificial intelligence at everyone’s fingertips, AI has raced through the hype cycle from obscurity to commonplace, from novelty toy to workaday tool. That’s now true even for soldiers, military planners, and state-sponsored hackers around the world.

In the process, AI has become not only routinized but institutionalized. In January, newly inaugurated President Trump hosted OpenAI and partners in the Oval Office to announce what they called Stargate, a plan to invest $500 billion in new data centers, with the US military as a major potential customer. By August, the Pentagon’s independent Chief Digital & AI Office, had been absorbed into the traditional Research & Engineering undersecretariat.

And in December, Secretary Pete Hegseth and R&E under secretary Emil Michael announced a new website, GenAI.mil, to make commercial Large Language Model tools available to all three million military and civilian Defense Department personnel.