Giorgio Cafiero
Pakistan must manage its new three-way defense agreement with Turkey and Saudi Arabia to avoid upsetting other Middle East actors like Iran and the UAE. Many recent reports have indicated that Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan are increasingly serious about establishing a trilateral security framework centered on the Saudi-Pakistani Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement (SMDA), signed in September 2025. Modeled loosely on collective-defense principles, the SMDA commits each party to treat an attack on the other as an attack on the rest, while remaining deliberately ambiguous about automatic military responses and the nuclear dimension.
What Is the Pakistani-Saudi-Turkish Trilateral Pact? Ankara’s possible accession would signal a serious effort to recalibrate regional security at a moment of heightened geopolitical uncertainty, when Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan are increasingly concerned about a range of threats along their borders. Discussions about Turkey’s entry into this SMDA reflect a broader shift toward layered, flexible security architectures. The prospective framework also carries distinct commercial and industrial logic. Modern security cooperation in the region is increasingly expressed through procurement flows, co-production agreements, logistics access, and financing structures rather than headline treaty clauses alone.
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