Scott N. Romaniuk and László Csicsmann
In late December 2025, Iran’s nuclear and strategic posture has once again become a focal point of regional and global security concerns. Tehran’s refusal to allow the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to inspect nuclear facilities damaged by strikes earlier in the year has underscored a deepening impasse over verification and sovereign control, with Iranian officials demanding a codified post-war conditions framework before permitting access. At the same time, the head of Iran’s Atomic Energy Organisation publicly asserted that Western criticism targets Iran’s broader scientific progress rather than an alleged weapons programme, a framing that challenges international pressure and complicates diplomatic engagement.
Against this backdrop, Tehran’s rejection of renewed IAEA inspection demands has heightened anxieties in capitals including Jerusalem and Washington that Iran’s latent capabilities—particularly enrichment and missile-related technologies—could be rebuilt with reduced external visibility. These developments reinforce the strategic dilemmas facing Israeli decision-makers as they weigh whether pre-emptive options remain viable.
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