Kateryna Bondar
Three years into the largest war on European soil since World War II, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has become a testing ground for how modern military systems evolve under relentless pressure.
Though each side of the conflict draws on inherited Soviet-era defense structures, they have diverged in how they adapt to the demands of modern war. Both Russia and Ukraine now operate hybrid defense ecosystems shaped by a combination of legacy industrial capacity, newly emergent innovation, and the various pathways to integrating commercial technologies into military use. However, their approaches to institutional adaptation, technological integration, and the organization of warfighting capabilities differ substantially. These differences offer a valuable lens into how military governance systems evolve under the pressures of large-scale, high-tech warfare, and they provide lessons for peacetime militaries seeking to prepare for the future of conflict.
While Russia’s approach remains largely consistent with its Soviet-era centralized model familiar from Cold War military governance, Ukraine has followed a markedly different trajectory, which has emerged from a post-2014 development path and reflects a combination of centralized and decentralized models.
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