Second, it is important to underline implications for the cognitive domain. Unlike traditional digital tools, neurotechnologies can access deeply sensitive information, including cognitive and emotional states, generating what the report identifies as highly valuable and vulnerable “neurodata.” This creates new challenges around privacy, surveillance, data ownership, and bias, while also raising fundamental human rights concerns related to mental autonomy, freedom of thought, and personal dignity.
As a result, these technologies could reshape warfare by shifting focus toward cognition itself, enabling (and aggravating) what we call cognitive warfare. However, these developments introduce substantial risks. They complicate legal accountability, blur the line between human intent and machine action, and create new vulnerabilities such as the possibility of neural system exploitation or “brain hacking.” At the same time, unequal access to enhancement technologies could drive new forms of strategic imbalance and escalation.
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