DOI | Emilie Berthelsen
Military innovation studies traditionally differentiate between organizational change occurring in peace and war, a dualistic approach limiting understanding in the contemporary security environment. Persistent competition, "grey zone" conflicts, and an eroding distinction between war and peace necessitate a re-evaluation of these embedded theoretical assumptions. Grissom’s four schools of military innovation—civil-military relations, inter-service politics, intra-service politics, and organizational culture—alongside a fifth school focused on bottom-up, wartime adaptation, are systematically reviewed. Common context-dependent assumptions about change emerge, often portraying it as either strategic, top-down, and episodic during peacetime, or emergent, bottom-up, and continuous during conflict. A shift from this contrasting dualistic conceptualization towards a complementary duality-based understanding acknowledges the synergistic interplay of stability and change mechanisms across the entire conflict continuum. This offers a more nuanced framework for studying how military organizations innovate and adapt in an era demanding dynamic stability.
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