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19 July 2015

China’s Imploding Pressure Cooker: Xinfang Petitions

The gate stands tall outside the municipal court. It’s 7:30 a.m. but the petitioners in front of the court have already gathered with banners urging officials to handle their cases. These petitioners – you can see them in most Chinese cities, also lobbying city hall and the public security bureau – want redress for family disputes, government land grabs, and other grievances. Their shared goal is to get the court to re-investigate their cases.

​​​The commotion described above is not a revolt against the CCP, but a process that is a part of the state-recognized petitions system, or Xinfang (信访). As Tyler Roney has explained in The Diplomat, Xinfang draws its historical roots from China’s imperial past. Xinfang departments exist in all government bureaucracies, to answer citizens’ complaints – or at least that is what they are supposed to do. But Xinfang is seriously underfunded, lacks any real power, and is seen as a “career black hole.” To be put in the Xinfang entails the thankless task of appeasing the populace while defending CCP rule. The relative powerlessness, combined with the often messy “reception” halls makes it one of the most dreaded posts in the bureaucracy.


Xinfang cases are often old complaints that have already gone through courts. It is the nature of most cases that petitioners are desperate for answers. Some cry for hours; while others threaten the children of the Xinfang officials. Cases are sometimes handed down to the next generation.

A lack of state compensation for land expropriation, industrial pollution of agricultural land, complaints about corrupt officials…the list goes on. These are all grassroots problems that the country needs to address. In an ideal world, each handled case would make a positive contribution to the government’s image, and a step in furthering the legitimacy of the Communist state.

However, the real world is far from ideal. The usual course that Xinfang takes is to avoid, stall, and re-direct. For the petitioners, the Xinfang is seen as their last chance at justice, but the official answers to most petitions are that, “yes, we are trying to solve the problem, but sorry, you will need to go back to where the issues originated/or you need to go higher up.”

At the village level, there are no subordinate bureaucracies onto which the issues can be pushed. The lack of a scapegoat has fostered an environment at the local level ripe for direct confrontations with the population. Second, reversing a decision risks making the overall bureaucracy look inconsistent. And Xinfang functionaries are determined to save the governments’ face.

Despite the high cost of travel to reach provincial capitals or Beijing, petitioners tend to bet the higher levels of the bureaucracy can help them. Ultimately, though, they find themselves hungry, on the streets in an unfamiliar city. For the government, especially in Beijing, the main goal is to avoid escalating tensions. Examples such as mass-suicide attempts and what the government official termed as “actions aimed at disrupting civil peace” shed light on the potential repercussions of unanswered petitions.

The Xinfang system lacks an organized method of delivering and storing petitions. Even today, they are often handwritten and based on the petitioners’ ability to document and handle their own cases. The time wasted from the absence of a reliable archiving system for petitions add to the confusion, since officials have no idea about the background of cases. Moreover, constant re-direction by officials only stirs dissatisfaction toward the government. The complainants feel that the state is hiding something and protecting its own elites.

There have been numerous government attempts to improve Xinfang. However, reforms have brought little improvement. In the recent anti-corruption campaign for example, anti-corruption officials are often found in Xinfang offices digging into the documents to find traces of local bureaucratic corruption. However, these political campaigns are viewed as short-term solutions to a far more complex problem.

Another attempt to reform Xinfang is to build networks connecting the various Xinfang departments. The stated intention was that the petitioners would avoid travel expenses between their cities and Beijing. However, the extent to which this will help the petitioners is questionable. The author found that the web pages are either offline or inaccessible. And when the network works, it simply provides an opportunity to hear Beijing officials reciting the Xinfang policies.

The problems explored above are only the tip of the iceberg of China’s societal challenges. As China’s economy continues to develop, disputes, often linked to land use, will create a growing gap between citizens and their government. Xinfang, as it stands today, is a weak governmental body that lacks bureaucratic clout. Yet its position as the forefront government organ in mediating disputes has also made it a useful shock absorber. Abolishing this mediation organ would hurt the Party and its legitimacy.

Unless the Party acts quickly with meaningful reforms to the Xinfang, unchecked popular dissatisfaction could push the regime towards greater repression.

Leo Lin is a student at George Washington University and currently a summer researcher at the Institute of Contemporary Asian Studies at Temple University Japan. He worked in the Xinfang system, as well as in several legal aid offices in China.

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