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22 December 2025

Transforming and Modernizing Army Information Forces: Creating the Information Warfare Branch

William Bryant

Morgan Plummer argues in his War on the Rocks article, “Operating AI in the gray zone: Drawing Clear Lines Before They Blur,” that the AI problem is not on a near-future battlefield—it is already here. Plummer discusses AI’s role in the gray zone where influence operations, economic coercion, and cyber campaigns converge, blurring the lines between peace and war.

Using Michael Walzer’s Spheres of Justice, Plummer’s key warning is that AI is too portable: capabilities that may be appropriate in combat become corrosive when repurposed for peacetime manipulation. He concludes that we must urgently establish clear lines across domains before norms harden, explicitly defining what should be prohibited, restricted, and permissive in AI-enabled statecraft.

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