Ukraine’s air defense campaign represents the most intensive real-world stress test of integrated air defense in modern warfare. For four years, Ukrainian forces have defended cities, bases, and critical infrastructure against continuous waves of missiles and drones at a scale few modern militaries have experienced. Under constant pressure, they have adapted in real time, stretching limited stocks of interceptors, integrating new Western systems, and innovating cost-effective ways to defend against mass attacks.
This report examines how Ukraine built, adapted, and sustained its air defense system since the beginning of Russia’s full-scale invasion. Drawing on operational experience, interviews with air defense personnel, and open-source data, it traces the evolution of Ukraine’s air defense from fragmented legacy systems to a layered, adaptive architecture operating under extreme resource constraints.
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