India and Pakistan, hostile nuclear-armed neighbors with a long history of conflict, have maintained a crucial area of restraint by never targeting each other's nuclear installations, even during periods of sharp tension and active hostilities like Operation Sindoor in 2025. This restraint is particularly striking given a growing global concern, highlighted by IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi, that civilian nuclear facilities worldwide face unprecedented risks in modern conflicts.
Nuclear power plants, once considered off-limits, are now drawn into conflict arcs, as seen with the Zaporizhzhya plant in Ukraine and facilities in Iran. International law dictates that nuclear facilities should not be attacked, a principle the IAEA actively upholds through expert deployments to prevent accidents and contain risks, underscoring the real and immediate danger of radiation release that transcends borders.
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