India, Indonesia, and Japan are pursuing markedly different land-force modernization strategies, driven by their unique security contexts and approaches. India is focused on equipping its army for large-scale conventional combat operations, a direct result of its long-standing territorial disputes with both of its nuclear-armed neighbors. The Indonesian Army is shifting back to its roots with a renewed focus on local territorial defence, socio-economic missions, and increasing personnel numbers, which may come at a financial cost of reducing equipment procurement.
Japan’s Ground Self-Defense Force is enhancing its maritime and air capabilities through investments in stand-off missiles, adapting to a worsening immediate environment that challenges its existing concepts of ‘self-defence’. This evolving regional security landscape will continue to compel land forces and other armed services to modernize their capabilities, likely resulting in extremely diverse approaches and a greater emphasis on secondary or non-traditional operational tasks across the Asia-Pacific.
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