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23 March 2026

Quantum statecraft: the US, China and Europe

Dongyoun Cho

Quantum competition is entering an infrastructure phase of technological rivalry. For much of the past decade, discussion centred on laboratory breakthroughs such as qubit counts, coherence times and demonstrations of quantum advantage – but as quantum technologies move closer to operational use in communications, sensing, optimisation and cryptographic resilience, the focus of competition is shifting accordingly.

The key question is no longer simply who invents first, but who can build, govern and scale the infrastructures through which quantum systems will operate. In this new phase, advantage will accrue less to the fastest innovator than to the actor that embeds governance choices into supply chains, standards, procurement systems and security controls.

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