Global Public Opinion on China: China’s Standing in Southeast Asia’s Swing States

Asia Society | Kevin Zongzhe Li

Southeast Asia’s swing states—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam—are experiencing a steady decline in public favorability toward China, dropping from an average of +33 in the 2000s to +20 in the 2020s. This shift threatens Beijing's long-term geopolitical influence as maritime disputes increasingly overshadow historical economic cooperation.

While deep supply chain integration and Belt and Road Initiative investments establish a durable economic floor, persistent territorial friction in the South China Sea acts as a primary driver of public skepticism. According to the Global Public Opinion on China dataset, the 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff marked a critical turning point, causing regional favorability to plunge from +33 to +21. Consequently, future diplomatic alignment across the Association of Southeast Asian Nations will likely depend on how these autonomous governments balance localized social friction from Chinese-backed industrial projects against their ongoing reliance on northern trade networks.

The Case for Strategic Empathy

Real Clear Defense  |  Lise Korson

The United States is spearheading a multi-state coalition to develop next-generation Silicon Photonics computing architecture, aiming to leverage advanced artificial intelligence capabilities to decouple China from its strategic alliance with Iran. This technological initiative seeks to eliminate Western reliance on helium-cooled semiconductor manufacturing, which currently tethers democratic nations to energy supply chains co-managed by Tehran.

Historically, Western diplomatic efforts in the Middle East have suffered from systemic decoherence, treating ideological conflicts as transactional disputes while simultaneously funding adversarial states through fossil fuel and raw material dependencies. By offering Beijing regulated cloud access to future high-performance computing networks, Washington intends to present a pragmatic alternative to China's current energy-driven alignment with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. This proposed diplomatic framework establishes a strict "Compute-for-Order" standard, forcing a systematic economic decoupling of major Asian powers from Middle Eastern proxy networks while securing a universally regulated, air-gapped global artificial intelligence ecosystem.

Report to Congress on the People’s Liberation Army

USNI News

China’s People’s Liberation Army is undergoing a sweeping structural reorganization to transition into a high-technology, joint-operations force capable of global power projection. This modernization effort, initiated during the highly ambitious 2015 reforms under President Xi Jinping, aims to secure absolute political loyalty to the Communist Party of China.

Historically established in 1927 as an infantry-heavy ground force, the military now encompasses four distinct services and four specialized service arms, including the newly designated Aerospace, Cyberspace, and Information Support Forces. The Central Military Commission, chaired by Xi Jinping, directly oversees these branches alongside the People’s Armed Police and the China Coast Guard. However, the systematic purge of over 100 senior officers since 2022 has left this supreme military decision-making body with only one sitting member besides its chairman, raising critical international concerns regarding the institution's political cohesion and immediate combat readiness.

Why America Must Protect Biological Data from China

National Interest  |  Pat Fallon

United States Representatives Pat Fallon and Josh Gottheimer formally requested that the Government Accountability Office evaluate regulatory vulnerabilities in the domestic biotechnology sector to prevent the Chinese Communist Party from exploiting American biological data. This bipartisan initiative targets critical gaps within a fractured federal oversight framework currently managed across four separate departments.

Historically, state-backed entities like the Beijing Genomics Institute have acquired Western genomics firms to harvest massive datasets, leveraging undisclosed subsidies to dominate global life sciences. While approximately 80 percent of Chinese life-science research currently relies on United States biological datasets, Beijing simultaneously restricts reciprocal data sharing behind a digital iron curtain. This asymmetric access threatens national security as biotechnology increasingly drives advancements in genomic medicine, military logistics, and DNA-based computing. The requested evaluation aims to unify mismatched definitions of sensitive personal data and eliminate jurisdictional friction among oversight agencies to secure these vital national resources.

Blurred Orbits: Inside China’s Commercial Space Expansion

Center for Strategic and International Studies  |  Kari A. Bingen, Aidan Powers-Riggs, Chantal Li

China’s commercial space sector is rapidly expanding its orbital capabilities, directly threatening Western dominance in low-Earth orbit through the integration of civilian and military technologies. This dual-use expansion leverages private sector innovation to accelerate the deployment of massive satellite constellations, advanced launch vehicles, and responsive space systems. Historically, Beijing relied strictly on state-owned enterprises for aerospace development, but recent regulatory reforms have unleashed a wave of state-backed commercial startups.

These entities now actively support the People’s Liberation Army by providing redundant communication networks, high-resolution remote sensing, and rapid launch services. Consequently, this civil-military fusion strategy obscures the true nature of Chinese orbital assets, complicating international tracking, space situational awareness, and attribution during potential conflicts. As these commercial actors scale production, they drive down launch costs, challenge established global space governance frameworks, and alter the strategic balance of power in the space domain.

A Guide To China’s Growing Long-Range Nuclear Missile Arsenal

The War Zone | Thomas Newdick

China is rapidly expanding and modernizing its nuclear deterrent forces by constructing hundreds of new intercontinental ballistic missile silos and deploying advanced road-mobile, solid-fuel systems. This unprecedented expansion, which includes the development of multiple independent re-entry vehicles, significantly enhances the survivability and strike capability of Beijing's strategic arsenal against potential adversaries.

Historically reliant on legacy liquid-fueled platforms like the silo-based DF-5, the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force is transitioning toward a highly responsive, solid-propellant force to eliminate lengthy fueling processes and mitigate vulnerability to preemptive strikes. This modernization effort is further supported by the deployment of the Type 096 ballistic missile submarine carrying JL-3 missiles, alongside the development of the H-20 stealth bomber. Consequently, these advancements solidify the nation's emergence as a fully fledged nuclear triad power. Official estimates suggest the operational nuclear stockpile will surpass 1,000 warheads by 2030, fundamentally shifting the strategic balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region.

Exploring PRC Research on Kill Chains and Kill Webs: How Might it Help the PLA?

CNA | Catherine WelchDavid BroylesBenjamin DeThomasEleanor HarveyElizabeth Barrett

Chinese military and national security analysts are intensively researching United States military kill process constructs to accelerate the People's Liberation Army's transition toward intelligentized, system-on-system warfare. This extensive research effort aims to optimize targeting, shorten decision-making timelines, and integrate advanced technologies like artificial intelligence to counter American forces in potential high-intensity conflicts.

While the 2025 Department of War China Military Power report highlights these emerging capabilities, much of the Chinese literature remains focused on the conceptualization, mathematical modeling, and simulation of dynamic kill webs. To operationalize these concepts, Beijing's defense research and development complex is actively patenting enabling hardware and cloud-based software, though full deployment within active operational units remains highly classified. Ultimately, these long-term efforts seek to fuse civilian emergency response and military mobilization networks, establishing a resilient, cross-domain foundation for future joint operations and system-on-system confrontation that leverages whole-of-nation resources.

Does Iran’s Attack On Jordan Mark A Shift In Military Strategy?

Eurasia Review  |  Frud Bezhan

Iran launched ballistic missiles at United States military bases in Jordan on July 28, 2026, marking the first direct Iranian strike on American targets since hostilities escalated in February. This surprise attack broke a brief operational lull and prompted immediate joint United States-Saudi retaliatory airstrikes against Iran-backed militias in Iraq.

The escalation signals a transition from reactive defense to preemptive operations designed to seize the strategic initiative and deter a larger American military campaign. By executing these strikes, Tehran is actively testing Washington's resolve amidst domestic political deliberations regarding a potential massive counter-offensive. Concurrently, Houthi forces in Yemen have targeted Red Sea shipping and Saudi energy infrastructure, threatening to establish a secondary maritime chokepoint alongside the closed Strait of Hormuz. These compounding actions risk triggering a wider regional conflict, disrupting global oil markets, and completely dismantling the fragile diplomatic rapprochement previously established between Riyadh and Tehran.

The Middle East After The Iran War: What Comes Next?

Eurasia Review  |  Shehab Al-Makahleh

United States and Saudi airstrikes against Iran-backed militias in Iraq, alongside Jordanian interceptions of Iranian ballistic missiles targeting American bases, have expanded the Israel-US-Iran confrontation into a volatile, multi-theater regional crisis. This escalation threatens critical Gulf energy infrastructure and key maritime corridors like the Strait of Hormuz, driving up global shipping risks.

Beneath these active hostilities lies a shifting geopolitical landscape where traditional state-to-state rivalries have transitioned into complex proxy warfare, missile competition, and cyber operations. Consequently, Gulf Cooperation Council states face severe economic disruptions, including a 5 per cent drop in gross domestic product and declining foreign direct investment. To manage this instability, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's diplomatic efforts in Washington focus on building a new regional security architecture featuring integrated missile defense, while Turkey's expanding military footprint and American integrated deterrence strategies attempt to counter persistent Iranian influence across Syria and Lebanon.

Midweek Update #21: Iran Is Toying With The USA

Phillips's Newsletter  |  Phillips P. OBrien

The United States military concluded a thirteen-day campaign of kinetic airstrikes against Iranian targets on 23 July 2026, amid growing concerns over depleted American precision munitions stockpiles. This operational pause has exposed critical vulnerabilities in regional deterrence, prompting immediate retaliatory strikes from Tehran and its regional proxy network against allied infrastructure.

Decades of underinvestment in industrial manufacturing capacity have left Western defense supply chains unable to sustain prolonged, high-intensity bombardment campaigns without compromising domestic readiness. Consequently, Iranian forces capitalized on this perceived hesitation by launching Arash one-way attack drones against Sheikh Isa Air Base in Bahrain and Al-Azraq in Jordan. Simultaneously, Houthi militants targeted Saudi Aramco refineries in Jizan and Yanbu, while Iraqi militias struck eastern energy transit pipelines. Although Washington attempted to de-escalate by restricting its retaliatory strikes to proxy positions in Iraq, Tehran's persistent strikes on Jordan signal a calculated effort to lock the Trump administration into a costly war of attrition.

Brian Kennedy: Removing Iran's Uranium Would Require Thousands Of U.S. Troops

RealClearPolitics  |  Ian Schwartz

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky is scheduled to meet with U.S. President Donald Trump amid escalating tensions following a reported Ukrainian strike on an Iranian commercial vessel in the Caspian Sea. Tehran has warned that the attack, which killed a sailor, will not go unanswered, accusing Kyiv of acting at Israel's behest to draw Europe into a wider conflict.

This maritime confrontation highlights the deeply entrenched strategic alliance between Moscow and Tehran, which has facilitated joint military and nuclear development for nearly three decades. While Kyiv intends to present evidence of this cooperation, Washington faces the complex challenge of deterring Iranian retaliatory capabilities without triggering a broader regional war. Securing or extracting enriched uranium from facilities like Pickaxe Mountain remains highly problematic, as any ground operation would require thousands of American troops. Such a deployment would expose personnel to ballistic missile strikes, especially given potential shortages of U.S. air defence interceptors.

War In Iran: The Ignorance Of American Political Decision-Makers

Eurasia Review  |  Richard Rousseau

The United States military intervention against Iran beginning in February 2026 exposed critical vulnerabilities in American air defence doctrine as low-cost Iranian Shahed-136 drones depleted expensive Patriot and THAAD missile inventories. This asymmetric mismatch resulted in American casualties in Kuwait and Jordan, revealing a systemic failure to adapt to cheap, high-volume precision strike technologies.

Despite observing similar drone-dominated attrition dynamics in Ukraine since 2022, Pentagon planners failed to integrate inexpensive interceptors into their established force structures. Instead, Western military institutions and defence contractors like Rheinmetall maintained a preference for sophisticated, high-cost platforms over rapid, low-cost innovation. This intellectual inertia and doctrinal rigidity risk rendering billions of dollars in conventional military procurement obsolete on modern battlefields. Consequently, future Western defence efficacy depends on overhauling rigid doctrines to match the rapid, decentralized pace of contemporary technological adaptation, ensuring that strategic planning aligns with actual battlefield realities rather than outdated industrial-era paradigms.

The magnificent ten: A coalition of the willing to drive the EU’s next enlargement

European Council on Foreign Relations  |  Engjellushe Morina, Gabrielė Valodskaitė

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s July 2026 summit highlighted the urgent need for a concrete European Union enlargement strategy. A proposed 'Team Enlargement' coalition of ten key member states, led by Germany, aims to drive a new accession framework over the next 18 months to integrate Ukraine, Moldova, and the Western Balkans.

This initiative responds to a shifting geopolitical landscape where EU membership is increasingly viewed as an indispensable component of any future Ukrainian peace settlement. However, the bloc faces deep internal divisions over accession models, ranging from gradual integration to German Chancellor Friedrich Merz’s proposed associate membership. To overcome public skepticism and counter transactional US policies that undermine rule of law conditionality, the proposed ten-nation coalition must establish a strict merit-based framework. By implementing a coordinated four-step timetable through 2027, these member states seek to secure the EU's eastern flank while safeguarding internal cohesion and funding structures.

Ukrainian Drone Attacks Lead Moscow to Revive Idea of Buffer Zone in Border Areas

The Jamestown Foundation  |  Paul Goble

Ukrainian long-range drone strikes targeting critical infrastructure deep within the Russian Federation have prompted the Kremlin to revive proposals for a demilitarised buffer zone along the bilateral border. This proposed security corridor, publicly backed by Russian President Vladimir Putin, aims to shield western Russian oblasts and occupied Ukrainian territories from increasingly frequent aerial attacks.

Historically rooted in the Minsk Accords, the buffer-zone concept resurfaced following Ukraine's 2024 offensive in Kursk oblast but now faces severe operational and political hurdles. Domestic critics, including prominent commentators on outlets like RIA Novosti, argue that stopping modern UAVs with a projected 10,000-kilometre range would require an unfeasible 300-kilometre-deep depopulated zone. Consequently, implementing this policy would necessitate a general military mobilisation and the forced relocation of up to 300,000 residents to the Urals or Far East, sparking public backlash and eroding central political authority. While the Kremlin utilizes the proposal to manage domestic anxieties, the lack of concrete planning suggests the initiative may stall.

Europe Could Help Get Ukraine and Russia to the Negotiating Table

RAND Corporation | Samuel Charap

European governments must seize the diplomatic initiative to convene Russia and Ukraine in a continuous negotiation process, leveraging Moscow's economic vulnerabilities and battlefield stagnation to secure a ceasefire. This diplomatic push, endorsed by the United States, aims to prevent further military escalation and transform recent Western aid packages—including a ninety-billion-euro European Union loan—into tangible political leverage.

Although U.S. President Donald Trump previously initiated direct talks between the warring capitals, Washington's diplomatic bandwidth has since been severely constrained by the escalating U.S.-Israeli war against Iran. Consequently, the UK, France, and Germany have called for active participation to break the episodic nature of prior peace efforts and establish a resilient framework. While critics fear potential manipulation by Moscow, delaying structured negotiations risks prolonged attrition, unpredictable leadership changes in Kyiv, and an elevated danger of a direct NATO-Russia conflagration. Ultimately, combining active defense with persistent diplomacy remains the only viable path to resolve Europe's bloodiest conflict since the Second World War.

Zelensky to Axios: Ukraine needs missile interceptors to head off winter disaster

Axios | Barak Ravid

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has requested an emergency winter package of Patriot air defense interceptors from U.S. President Donald Trump to protect depleted energy infrastructure against escalating Russian ballistic missile strikes. Without these critical interceptors, Ukraine faces a severe humanitarian crisis as winter approaches, with power plants highly vulnerable to destruction.

The systemic depletion of Kyiv's air defense stockpiles stems from intense Russian bombardment coupled with diverted U.S. military supplies amid the ongoing conflict with Iran. To mitigate this dependency, the two leaders discussed licensing domestic Ukrainian production of Patriot interceptors, though local manufacturing would require one to five years to scale. Consequently, Kyiv is exploring modifying domestic ballistic missiles into cheaper, faster-to-produce interceptors. Meanwhile, Ukrainian drone strikes on Russian oil facilities have disrupted fuel supplies, even as Moscow reportedly prepares to mobilize 500,000 additional troops and integrate North Korean forces, complicating future peace negotiations mediated by Washington.

How the UK is helping Ukraine hit Russian targets

Defense One  |  Patrick Tucker

A new technology-sharing agreement between the United Kingdom and Ukraine will allow Kyiv to mass-produce a British-designed radar jammer called Stone Cloak to accelerate long-range drone strikes against Russian air defences. This intellectual property transfer marks a significant shift from donating physical weapons to sharing technical designs directly with Ukrainian manufacturers.

Previously, allied assistance relied on costly, slow-to-produce systems like the Storm Shadow cruise missile, which required complex multinational supply chains and years of development. To bypass these bureaucratic and financial bottlenecks, the bilateral Breakstop initiative aims to deliver rapidly designed, low-cost strike munitions within a compressed twenty-four-month timeline. By integrating frontline feedback in under ten days, Ukrainian developers are outpacing traditional Western procurement cycles. This rapid adaptation loop, combined with domestic innovations like the Flamingo long-range missile, is transforming the bilateral security partnership into a co-development model that enhances Ukraine's strategic strike autonomy while providing invaluable electronic warfare data to NATO allies.

How Ukraine's Strike on a Russia-Iran Supply Route Sparked an Information War

Unmasking Russia  |  Olga Lautman

Ukraine's weekend strike against Russian vessels in the Caspian Sea disrupted a critical military logistics corridor used to transport Iranian Shahed drones and missile components to Russian forces. This tactical operation immediately triggered a coordinated information campaign aimed at shifting the international narrative away from the illicit maritime supply chain.

Historically, Kyiv has warned the international community about the strategic significance of this Caspian Sea route, which has facilitated uninterrupted military transfers between Moscow and Tehran since the 2022 invasion. By summoning diplomats and leveraging state media, Tehran successfully redirected global attention, framing the defensive interdiction as a direct attack on Iran designed to drag Western powers into a broader conflict. Major Western outlets, including The New York Times and Reuters, adopted this escalatory framing, illustrating how effectively hostile information operations exploit media sensationalism to obscure bilateral military cooperation and complicate allied diplomatic responses.

How the UK is helping Ukraine hit Russian targets

Defense One  |  Patrick Tucker

The United Kingdom and other Western allies are transitioning their military assistance to Ukraine from direct missile donations to sharing technical weapon designs. This strategic shift in security assistance aims to help Ukrainian forces strike Russian targets more effectively by leveraging local production lines that now outpace the manufacturing capabilities of their foreign donors.

As the conflict demands rapid adaptation, the transfer of intellectual property and blueprints allows domestic defense facilities to bypass international supply chain bottlenecks. This evolving collaborative model reflects a deeper integration of allied technological expertise with Ukrainian industrial capacity, particularly in fields like electronic warfare and drone development. By localising the assembly of advanced systems, the partnership reduces reliance on dwindling Western stockpiles while accelerating the deployment of customized countermeasures on the battlefield. Ultimately, this transition from physical transfers to co-development establishes a highly resilient, self-sustaining defense ecosystem capable of sustaining long-term operations against Russian forces.

Safeguarding the Future in the AI Era: Q&A with Sella Nevo

RAND Corporation

The RAND Center on AI, Security, and Technology (CAST) is warning that autonomous artificial intelligence models capable of executing end-to-end cyber operations without human intervention could soon be diffused to global cybercriminals. This imminent shift threatens to eliminate existing technical bottlenecks for cybercrime, enabling unprecedented scales of automated network compromise.

To address these emerging threats, CAST director Sella Nevo is leading critical policy and technical initiatives to secure frontier AI model weights and establish robust physical and digital data center standards capable of resisting sophisticated nation-state attacks. Collaborative evaluations under the Canary initiative with METR reveal that advanced models are also approaching the capability to autonomously synthesize pathogens. Consequently, the center is prioritizing the integration of agent-based testing and open-source model evaluations to help international governments and private industry partners secure critical digital and biological systems before offensive capabilities permanently outpace defensive safeguards.

Digital and technology policy and national sovereignty

House of Lords Library | James Tobin

The United Kingdom is facing critical challenges to its national sovereignty as global digital infrastructure becomes increasingly concentrated under the control of a small number of American and Chinese technology conglomerates. This dependency exposes British public sector data and critical IT systems to extraterritorial legal jurisdictions and potential service disruptions during geopolitical disputes.

Historically, the physical, code, and data layers of the digital economy have evolved without centralized national oversight, leaving European states reliant on foreign cloud providers like Microsoft and Amazon Web Services. Recent diplomatic friction over the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Act 2018 and the implementation of digital services taxes have intensified these vulnerabilities. While some European nations advocate for strict data localization, the British government has avoided an explicit digital sovereignty strategy, opting instead to build domestic artificial intelligence capabilities while maintaining international collaborations to secure its technological future.

Red Kraken: The Coming Age of Agentic Cyber Strategy

Center for Strategic and International Studies  |  Benjamin Jensen, Emily Harding

A custom artificial intelligence agent representing China, named Red Kraken, successfully disrupted West Coast ports and military logistics networks during a simulated 2027 Taiwan crisis conducted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies. This exercise demonstrated how adaptive cyber adversaries can exploit critical transportation infrastructure to delay United States military mobilization and create domestic political pressure.

The simulation highlighted a shift in Beijing's doctrine from direct physical sabotage to corrupting the underlying data and workflows of AI-enabled logistics software. By targeting undefended commercial services, the agent mimicked real-world operations of state-sponsored groups like Volt Typhoon and Silk Typhoon to manipulate decision-making information. To counter this evolving threat, the authors recommend that Congress pass the PILLAR Act and the Guaranteeing Universal Access to Cybersecurity Act to strengthen local defenses. Additionally, the executive branch must map the commercial software supporting military mobilization and utilize agentic gaming to anticipate future adaptive adversary campaigns.

Entangled Frontiers: Quantum-AI Convergence in Defence and International Security

UNIDIR  |  Wenting He

The convergence of quantum technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to reshape future military competition by unlocking symbiotic capabilities that far exceed the individual potential of either technology. This technological integration threatens to exacerbate existing security risks, introducing heightened unpredictability, opaque decision-making, and severe challenges to legal compliance and accountability on the battlefield.

To address these emerging dynamics, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) has initiated cross-disciplinary monitoring to track conceptual and early-stage defence use cases. While practical military applications remain in their infancy, the rapid pace of development in both fields demands proactive policy frameworks. Ultimately, the dual-use nature of these systems complicates international efforts to establish clear boundaries for autonomous warfare, creating a critical need for sustained technical and legal oversight to prevent destabilising escalation in future conflicts and ensure strict compliance with international humanitarian law.

From Arrowheads to Algorithms

Real Clear Defense  |  Jon Deacon Panamaroff, Haven Harris

Native American federal contractors are increasingly securing critical roles within the United States defense industrial base, delivering advanced cybersecurity, logistics, and mission support to the Department of War. These tribal enterprises provide highly specialized, niche capabilities that directly enhance the operational readiness and resilience of elite deployed forces.

For instance, subsidiaries of the Bering Straits Native Corporation have provided crucial training support for Navy Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) programs since 2011, while the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation’s Command Holdings assists U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM) with large-scale exercises like Emerald Warrior and Jaded Thunder. Supported by the Small Business Administration’s 8(a) Business Development Program, these entities help prevent industrial consolidation, which often stifles agility and innovation. This enduring contribution represents a modern evolution of a 250-year history of Native American military service, transitioning from historical battlefield scouts and Code Talkers to contemporary software engineers and defense contractors.

How a 180-Foot Drone Ship Could Change Hypersonic Warfare at Sea

SOFREP  |  Guy D. McCardle

Saronic Technologies and Castelion plan to conduct a maritime demonstration in 2027 integrating the Blackbeard hypersonic missile with the Marauder autonomous surface vessel. This integration aims to establish a low-cost, crewless strike capability that can deploy lethal payloads without exposing crewed warships to enemy targeting. The initiative leverages a 180-foot robot ship with a 150-metric-ton payload capacity to act as a mobile magazine, shifting launch coordinates across vast ocean expanses.

While the platform offers significant range and payload flexibility, engineers must overcome severe technical hurdles, including managing rocket exhaust, deck motion, and maintaining secure communications under active electronic warfare. If successful, this distributed lethality concept could allow the US Navy to rapidly scale its hypersonic strike capacity. However, the system remains vulnerable to cheap adversary drones, signal jamming, and network disruption, meaning its ultimate operational utility depends on resilient, human-in-the-loop targeting networks.