10 May 2026

Defining Cognitive Warfare: A NDAA Mandate Response

Bonnie Rushing,  Dr. Shouhuai Xu,  Dr. William "Ox" Hersch

The 2026 National Defense Authorization Act directs the Department of War to define cognitive warfare and distinguish it from existing information-related activities. This article responds directly to that mandate, proposing a decision-centric definition of cognitive warfare, delineating it from information operations, psychological operations, and influence activities across seven dimensions. The definition is illustrated through a notional case study and validated against observed Russian and Chinese cognitive warfare operations in the Baltic states and Taiwan.

Disclaimer: “The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of War, or the US Government.”

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