9 February 2026

Chinese-Russian military industrial cooperation in the 2020s : towards true joint capabilities or merely transactional great power politics

Heinonen, Lauri 

This study addresses the history, current state, and prospects of military industrial and military technological cooperation between Russia and China, mostly based on original academic research in Russian and in Chinese. The study first lays out the historical background and development of Russian and Chinese military industrial cooperation from 1949 until the present day. This part of the study also addresses how the Soviet Union, later Russia, and China have also competed on international arms and military technology markets, showing the relative strengths and weaknesses of both countries.

The study next addresses relevant government policies on military industrial cooperation in Russia and in China. After this, the focus is on the most relevant military technologies being developed by Russia and China, their most important military industrial firms and organizations, and the most relevant civilian and dual-use technologies. The next part of the study addresses Western, Russian, and Chinese views on the military technological cooperation between Russia and China, showing that Western literature considers Russo-Chinese cooperation to be more advanced than do Russian and Chinese sources, with Russian sources being largely reserved on cooperation with China and Chinese sources wanting to intensify and extend cooperation with Russia while worrying that Russia does not show enough interest in cooperation.

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