China seeks to lead the development of future generations of spectrum management technology. The use of wireless technologies has exploded in recent decades, and technological development is expanding the possibilities for use of the electromagnetic spectrum. As competition between the United States and China intensifies, interest has sharpened in finding better ways to manage the use of spectrum to support critical applications in areas such as warfighting, mobile communications, and remote sensing. Beijing’s approach to spectrum management has been poorly understood, but it offers important lessons regarding the benefits and drawbacks of a relatively centralized, civilian-led approach. This report therefore investigates how China manages its electromagnetic spectrum, how that spectrum is used, how China’s approach to spectrum management is impacting global standards, and what benefits (and costs) China’s approach has offered.
China’s approach to managing its electromagnetic spectrum resources has generated a number of benefits, including rapid deployment of 5G technologies, a highly active spectrum research field, and expanded influence in international markets. The relative centralization of its spectrum management authorities is also likely to improve the People’s Liberation Army’s joint warfighting capabilities in the future. However, its approach has also generated a complex, opaque bureaucratic process, high barriers to entry for smaller companies, and possibly lower efficiency in allocating and utilizing spectrum resources.
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