The United States requires an economic pressure doctrine to guide its adversarial economic statecraft, based on an analysis of 20 prior and ongoing U.S. cases including embargoes, modern sanctions, technology denial, and trade coercion. This report proposes nine principles for American economic pressure, categorized into strategic and operational levels.
Strategically, policymakers must establish a theory of victory with clear foreign policy goals, a theory of failure to define when campaigns falter, and a theory of restraint for strategic, practical, or moral limits. Operationally, campaigns should leverage structural economic power, involve allies and adversaries for broad control, anticipate target adaptation, and be executed as iterative campaigns. Economic pressure must be calibrated to be productive, avoiding counterproductive outcomes like hardening resolve or causing systemic harm, and requires substantial government resources and integrated planning. Implementing this doctrine involves developing a strategy, aligning legislation, mandating annual reviews, strengthening planning, and expanding detailed doctrine.
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