China's approach to warfare has evolved dramatically in the 21st century, blurring the lines between military and non-military instruments to achieve strategic objectives. Beijing employs "unrestricted warfare" and "hybrid warfare" concepts, utilizing diverse tools including cyber operations, information campaigns, legal measures, and economic influence. This strategy, influenced by the 1999 book "Unrestricted Warfare" and the 2003 "three warfare" doctrine (media, psychological, legal), allows China to pursue goals without direct military confrontation, particularly against the United States.
In the maritime domain, China uses "salami slicing" or "cabbage strategy" tactics, as seen around Thitu Island in 2017, involving its Navy, Coast Guard, and Maritime Militia to assert jurisdiction and confuse opponents. Cyber warfare is also critical, with China establishing a Cyber Warfare branch in 2015 and being accused of significant cyber-attacks, such as obtaining Boeing C-17 data. China's capabilities are intensifying, exemplified by its world's largest Coast Guard force and efforts to downplay information on its defense expansion.
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