Nonstate actors' (NSAs) use of advanced armed drones (AADs) is significantly limited by three factors: "presence," "patrons," and "purpose," challenging Stephen Biddle’s models of military power and nonstate warfare. "Presence" denotes territorial control, "patrons" signify state sponsorship, and "purpose" relates to strategic objectives. These factors collectively determine the sustainability, technology access, and offensive effectiveness of NSA AAD programs.
Analyzing groups like Daesh, Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis, the article argues that AADs make NSAs more conspicuous and dependent, contrary to Biddle's view that advanced technology drives nonstate actors towards conventional, maximal lethality. Instead, NSAs largely retain asymmetric approaches, suggesting Biddle’s models may not fully apply to nonstate behavior. The cost/benefit balance for NSA AAD programs is heavily skewed towards costs, restricting their actual strategic utility.
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