18 December 2025

Legal Reviews of War Algorithms: From Cyber Weapons to AI Systems

Tobias Vestner, Nicolò Borgesano

States are obliged to conduct legal reviews of new weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Legal reviews of artificial intelligence (AI) systems pose significant legal and practical challenges due to their technical and operational features. This post explores how insights from legal reviews of cyber weapons can inform those of AI systems and AI-enabled weapons.

AI and cyber tools are similar and closely related. Both operate in the digital sphere and can be characterized as “war algorithms” when used for military purposes. In addition, AI can be used to control and deploy cyber weapons, while cyber weapons can be used to manipulate and counter AI systems.

This post addresses this correlation from the standpoint of legal reviews. It first delves into legal criteria relevant in the cyber domain that can help determine which AI-enabled tools deserve scrutiny, and how temporal considerations in legal reviews of evolving cyber weapons can inform when reviews of learning AI tools should be triggered.

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