The US military faces a critical challenge in countering adversary command, control, communications, computers, cyber, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting (C5ISRT) during the competition phase. Admiral Samuel Paparo’s May 2025 testimony and Admiral Daryl Caudle’s 2026 US Navy Fighting Instructions underscore this priority, as sophisticated adversaries like the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Russia conduct hybrid warfare and gray zone operations.
The PRC's People’s Liberation Army (PLA) views information warfare as a decisive precondition for military action, exemplified by its May and October 2024 Taiwan exercises that combined military drills with disinformation campaigns. Russia similarly conducts persistent malign information operations and cyber intrusions against Europe and NATO. The US military's current doctrinal frameworks, organizational structures, and acquisition processes are not optimized for the speed and integration required to rapidly acquire and operationalize C-C5ISRT capabilities. Recommendations include accelerating software-defined warfare, aligning acquisition with operational timelines, strengthening interagency and joint integration, and reforming training, doctrine, and organizational structures to deter adversaries and gain strategic advantage in information warfare.
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